Increase in soft tissue within bony enclosure of pharynx or decrease in bony enclosure size would result in anatomical imbalance and cause limitation of space available for airway. It is divided into nasopharynx, oropharynx and laryngopharynx. The pharynx is a tube-like passage that connects the posterior nasal and oral cavities to the larynx and oesophagus. The passage inferior to inferior turbinate is preferred passage for nasotracheal intubation. The lateral wall of the nose consists of three turbinates or conchae (superior, middle and inferior). Nose and nasal cavity are divided into two halves by the nasal septum. The discussion is mainly concentrated on the lower respiratory tract and the related physiology. Anatomically, respiratory tract is divided into upper (organ outside thorax - nose, pharynx and larynx) and lower respiratory tract (organ within thorax - trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveolar duct and alveoli). The respiratory system, functionally, can be separated in two zones conducting zones (nose to bronchioles) form a path for conduction of the inhaled gases and respiratory zone (alveolar duct to alveoli) where the gas exchange takes place. Various anaesthetic drugs alter neuronal control of the breathing and bronchomotor tone. Ventilation perfusion mismatch leads to reduced arterial oxygen concentration mainly because of early closure of airway, thus leading to decreased ventilation and atelectasis during anaesthesia. Hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction, an important safety mechanism, is inhibited by majority of the anaesthetic drugs. Ventilation to perfusion ratio alters with anaesthesia, body position and with one-lung anaesthesia. Understanding of ventilation, perfusion and their relation with each other is important for understanding respiratory physiology. Such knowledge has influence on airway management, lung isolation during anaesthesia, management of cases with respiratory disorders, respiratory endoluminal procedures and optimising ventilator strategies in the perioperative period. It also optimises patient's ventilatory condition and airway patency. You can make your very own print – all set spreadsheet and also customize them to your children’ demands.Clinical application of anatomical and physiological knowledge of respiratory system improves patient's safety during anaesthesia. You can use them in the class or at home. When mounted, you can access the spreadsheet from all over.
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